South Africa :: History Essays

South AfricaSouth African adorns provide us with the lush honey oil of the jungle, the dry grass of the savanna, the majesty of the mountains, the eroded clay of the desert and the high-rise mortar of the city. A filmmaker can find there any mount desired as the scenery for his motion picture, but variety is not the only true value of the African landscape. Here we find the lush, well tended park that represent the wealth and control of the Europeans who have invaded the country the dry savannas where the animals roam freely, but the native peoples are restricted the eroded clay that somehow manages to obtain life and reminds us of the outlying township slums that somehow sustain stamp downed lives and the stifling city where a restrictive government and looming skyscrapers bear down to oppress the human spirit. According to Hugo Munsterberg, the photoplay tells us the human story by overcoming the forms of the outer world, namely, space, time and causality, and by adjusting th e events to the forms of the inner world, namely attention, memory, imagination, and emotion (104). The South African landscape reflects its countrys history and the struggle of its people, and when a director chooses it carefully for background in his film, it can add emotional and symbolic depth to his message. In 1652, the Dutch East India Company came from Europe to South African soil to set up a fort for the purpose of replenishing their ships with supplies. The Europeans, in their high and justly way, saw South Africa as land for the taking complete with savages and rugged landscapes to be tamed and civilized, and so begin the colonization of the country. When Cy Enfields Zulu (1964) opens, Lieutenant throne Chard is attempting to tame a piece of that landscape as he is trying to build a bridge across the river at Rourkes Drift. Ironically, the mountains border Rourkes Drift present an untamable foe to the one hundred forty British soldiers camped there. The soldiers have b een informed that the Zulu are coming, and the audience is drawn into the soldiers world sequence together they watch for the destined attack along the elevated landscape. The soldiers find themselves facing thousands of skillful and determined native warriors who seem to appear from nowhere with the serve of the natural mountain formations and the dry grass that hides them.

The Darkness of Edwin A. Abbotts Flatland Essay -- Abbott Flatland E

The Darkness of Flatland The golden sand sparkles in the brilliant sunlight. The radiant beams hit the steady waves which magnify the fervent light. Content and overjoyed, many birds fly high overhead. On the beach, an annoying crab approaches an ostrich, coercing the grounded bird to hide its head in a slew in the sand. Paralyzed with fear, the mammoth bird, although huge in comparison to the attacking crab, buries its head in the cold, wet sand, hoping that the feeble but ominous assailant give leave. Comfortable with its dreary hiding place, the large, awkward bird remains buried its entire life, never experiencing the comforting life which the light produces. Because the bird is intimidated by this minuscule but threatening crab, the never-ending cycle of fear continues. Much like this frightened bird and the citizens of Flatland, humans prefe... ...nbsp ideas. Often, leaders fear irregulars because they speak the truth. Arthur, a born-agai n irregular through his experiences, tells of a new way of living and striving to live right and not to fear the unknown, but to bring it into the open, research it, and to learn from it. They will always rely on logic and tradition, ignoring faith and ideas based not on fact. Flatland will remain without light forever.

Essay --

IntroductionApproximately 1,000 brain and nervous system disorders are directly responsible for more hospitalizations and lost productivity than whatsoever other comparable disease group. (Shen, 2013, p. 655). In addition, these disorders restrict criminals from refraining to engage in malicious activity. This inability to distinguish right from wrong is a result of the souls consciousness being disorientated while committing a crime. Neuroscience, the study of nerves and how nerves affect learning and behavior, is a relatively new science that mess provide the justice system with insight on why criminals act differently from law abiding citizens in particular scenarios. Research in neuroscience shows a strong correlation between brain function and a humans personhood which includes individual characteristics and cognitive thinking patterns. Neuroscience is capable of providing evidence of a persons future dangerousness in order to deter future altercations. The understanding of a humans thought process through neuroscience should be permissible in the royal court for more informed court rulings and to transition in to a more progressive approach of criminal punishment. Background of NeuroscienceNeuroscience consists of an extensive background of research that has take to various discoveries regarding the human brain. The human brain is the mediator for every aspect of the human body. The brain dictates a wide range of functions spanning from emotion and memory to substance rate and blood flow. The brain is also responsible for how we think, believe, dream and even aspire. A humans reactions to medical treatments are even processed through the brain. The brain is the sole organ that provides all of the functions that comprise a... ...ails about the brain but will not improve the existing legal principles. It is assumed that the contemporary legal principles in place are still in effect because they provide us with a sensible version of justice. Some f ear allowing neuroscience in the courtroom may alter traditional methods that the system has used consistently. The new discoveries in neuroscience will not change the law they will simply transubstantiate the publics opinion on civil responsibility leading to more effective court rulings and how to approach a more progressive punishment that benefits society. The prosecutors and defense attorneys will both have the ability to benefit from neuroscience. The main factors lie predominately in the history of the criminal, the thoughts and recollections of the judge and/or jurors, as well as the lawyers abilities to apply the best case possible for their client.

Comparing The Buried Life and A Room Of Ones Own :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing The buried Life and A Room Of Ones Own Victorian writers did remove difficult and unsettling questions, and the modern writers continued on with the quest to display these unsettling thoughts and feelings in their works even more so. You dirty dog see this continuing easy from The Buried Life, to the ideas of A Room Of Ones Own. In The Buried Life, Arnold questions why men in society bury their emotions and innermost thoughts from angiotensin-converting enzyme another like they are the single ones with these qualities, even though every man has them I knew the mass of men concealed their thoughts, for fear that if they revealed they would by other men be met with blank indifference, or with blame reproved I knew they lived and moved tricked in disguises, alien to the rest of men, and alien to themselves--and yet the same heart beats in every human chest of drawers (p.2021). He doesnt understand why this is the case, and believes humanity would be better if we let this buried life out of its cage to be free, freeing us to be our true selves. The way to reach this goal is through open love by a fellow human being When a beloved give way is placed on ours...the heart lies plain, and what we mean, we say (p. 2201). In A Room Of Ones Own, Woolf questions societys view on how geniuses of art are created. She shows that this is a natural gift, but it is one that can either be stifled or let prosper and grow, depending on how the members in society rule and treat the artist with the gift. She says that these artists need to be allowed to garner in knowledge in order to feed their ideas for their art, and they essential be allowed to be free in mind and spirit so that they can create their masterpieces The mind of an artist, in order to achieve the prodigious effort of freeing whole and entire the work that is in him, must be incandescent...There must be no obstacle in it, no foreign matter unconsumed (p. 2472). As you c an see, both of these works question society in the matter of chaining up its members true feelings and ideas.

Archimedes :: essays research papers

Archimedes is considered one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time along with Newton and Gauss. In his witness time, he was known as "the wise one," "the master" and "the great geometer" and his works and inventions brought him fame that lasts to this very day. He was one of the last great Greek mathematicians. innate(p) in 287 B.C., in Syracuse, a Greek seaport colony in Sicily, Archimedes was the son of Phidias, an astronomer. Except for his studies at Euclids school in Alexandria, he spent his completed life in his birthplace. Archimedes proved to be a master at mathematics and spent most of his time contemplating new problems to solve, becoming at measure so involved in his work that he forgot to eat. Lacking the blackboards and paper of modern times, he used any available surface, from the dust on the basis to ashes from an extinguished fire, to draw his geometric figures. Never giving up an opportunity to ponder his work, after bathing an d anointing himself with olive oil, he would trace figures in the oil on his own skin. Much of Archimedes fame comes from his relationship with Hiero, the king of Syracuse, and Gelon, Hieros son. The great geometer had a close friendship with and may have been related to the monarch. In any case, he seemed to make a hobby out of solving the kings most complicated problems to the utter amazement of the sovereign. At one time, the king consistent a gold crown and gave the goldsmith the exact amount of metal to make it. When Hiero received it, the crown had the correct weight but the monarch suspect that some silver had been used instead of the gold. Since he could not prove it, he brought the problem to Archimedes. One day while considering the question, "the wise one" entered his bathtub and recognized that the amount of water that overflowed the tub was proportional the amount of his body that was submerged. This observation is now known as Archimedes Principle and gave hi m the means to solve the problem. He was so excited that he ran naked through the streets of Syracuse shouting "Eureka eureka" (I have found it). The fraudulent goldsmith was brought to justice. Another time, Archimedes verbalise "Give me a place to stand on and I will move the earth." King Hiero, who was absolutely astonished by the statement, asked him to prove it.

Archimedes :: essays research papers

Archimedes is considered one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time along with Newton and Gauss. In his own time, he was known as "the wise one," "the master" and "the great geometer" and his works and inventions brought him fame that lasts to this very day. He was one of the last great Greek mathematicians. Born in 287 B.C., in Syracuse, a Greek seaport colony in Sicily, Archimedes was the son of Phidias, an astronomer. Except for his studies at Euclids school in Alexandria, he spent his entire animateness in his birthplace. Archimedes proved to be a master at mathematics and spent most of his time contemplating new problems to solve, becoming at times so involved in his work that he forgot to eat. Lacking the blackboards and paper of modern times, he used whatsoever available surface, from the dust on the ground to ashes from an eliminate fire, to draw his geometric figures. Never giving up an opportunity to ponder his work, after bathing and a nointing himself with olive crude oil, he would trace figures in the oil on his own skin. Much of Archimedes fame comes from his relationship with Hiero, the king of Syracuse, and Gelon, Hieros son. The great geometer had a close friendship with and may have been related to the monarch. In any case, he seemed to make a hobby out of solving the kings most complicated problems to the utter amazement of the sovereign. At one time, the king ordered a gold crown and gave the goldsmith the exact amount of metal to make it. When Hiero received it, the crown had the correct weight but the monarch suspected that most silver had been used instead of the gold. Since he could not prove it, he brought the problem to Archimedes. One day while considering the question, "the wise one" entered his bathtub and acknowledge that the amount of water that overflowed the tub was proportional the amount of his body that was submerged. This observation is now known as Archimedes Principle and gav e him the means to solve the problem. He was so excited that he ran naked through the streets of Syracuse shouting "Eureka eureka" (I have found it). The fraudulent goldsmith was brought to justice. Another time, Archimedes stated " circulate me a place to stand on and I will move the earth." King Hiero, who was absolutely astonished by the statement, asked him to prove it.

Chief Bill Bratton Leadership Essay

When one thinks of a attraction, what type of person do we think of? Is that single a hero that we see on television, a cartoon character, a family member, or is that person a public servant? Regardless(prenominal) of occupation and title, a leader is a person who inspires others and they know how to motivate people. When they arrive, you see something about them that stands out. The inner strength of their leadership ability emerges. (Gonzalez, 2007, February 1). Leaders are individuals in your range of work who are focused on the tasks at hand and they have a clear and concise vision on what their respective organizations are pin down out to do. How do you know if you are being an effective leader? A leader is a person who is looked up to and has a plan to bilk things accomplished. Within groups, a leader is the person who makes the final decision for the group and it is a person who is motivated to see success for their organization. A leader is on a quest and you can see it. (Gonzalez, 2007, February 1).In the area of law enforcement, Bob Vernon states that there are six questions that every law enforcement officer leader should ask to see if they are being effective leaders. Vernon states that each law enforcement leader should look in the mirror and ask themselves if their organization has the following a.) Direction, b.) Teamwork, c.) stave development, d.) Principles, values, and policies, e.) Communication, and f.) controls (Vernon 60-62).Few officers were more of a leader than William Joseph Bill Bratton was. Bratton was born on October 6, 1947 in Dorchester, Massachusetts which is a suburb of Boston. He attended Boston skilful High School and graduated in 1965. Bratton went on to serve in the military and he served in the Vietnam War during the 1960s. Bratton began his police career with the Boston law Department in 1970. Within ten years he rose to the rank of Superintendent. During Brattons police career he held the position of Superintenden t with common chord of the largest police agencies in the world. Bratton served with the Boston Police Department from 1991-1993, the sensitive York City Police Department from 1994-1996, and lastly with the Los Angeles Police Department from 2002-2009.During Brattons tenure with the New York Police Department, the work he did resulted in dramatic change in the level of crime in the city. For example, murder rates dropped from 2,500 per year to just less than 1,000 per year. Shootings fell from 6,000 to 3,000 a year and robberies from 85,000 to approximately 50,000 per year. (Blair, 2002, September, 23).

Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground Essay

Fyodor Dostoevsky is unmatchable of the most influential authors in world lit date of referenceture. This Russian author had written several remarkable novels including Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and Brothers Karamazov. However, in front the aforementi peerlessd novels were published, Dostoevsky had already gained critical acclaim and recognition for his work entitled Notes from electron tube. This novel explores how the assoildom of earthly concern is undermined by the atmosphere of rationality that dominated the s raseteenth and 18th centuries.Through the novels protagonist, the thermionic valve Man, Dostoevsky illustrates how real emancipation is manifested in the defiance of ground. The period called the Enlightenment occurred throughout the 17th and 18th centuries (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). During this time, author governed over every endeavor, and was valued above everything else. The period left no room for superstition or foolishness rationality reigned s upreme (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). undercoat was the instrument in which man and society tin develop for the better.European thought was dominated by materialism, liberalism and more importantly, utopianism (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). All of these consummations were established on the belief that logical and natural-law theories could establish a perfect society (Emerson, 1992). Perfection was only attainable through the application of creator and the manifestation of enlightened self-interest (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). The prevalence of reason strongly influenced and inspired Dostoevsky to write Notes from subway (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ).However, the novel did non convey a message look intoable to the intellectual milieu preferably, it served to criticize its very existence. Notes from Underground is actually a response to another text, entitled What Is to be Done? (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. Madden, n. d. ). It was written by N. G. Che rnyshevsky and was published in 1863. Chernyshevsky was an advocate of rational egoism, a movement which fervently believed that perfection of life could be achieved through rationality and enlightenment (Madden, n. d. ). The rational egoists also upheld regulations of natural law (Madden, n.d. ). Dostoevsky disagreed with the belief that rationality and enlightenment were the keys to perfection. He strongly believed that the nature of man was beyond those two elements. He acknowledged mans potentiality for both the rational and the foolish he even upheld that the irrationality of man was more definite, while the rationality was tho added (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). Moreover, Dostoevsky was convinced that laws of nature or the principles of reason were not capable of recognizing human individuality, personality, and more importantly, salve forget (Madden, n. d. ).These beliefs are embedded in the novel, a text which Rozanov considers a critique of reason as a means to pe rfection (as cited in Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). The novel, in the nomenclature of Wasiolek, showed how man can be both rational and irrational, as his actions are the result of the exercise of his own freedom (as cited in Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). Hence, the theme of freedom in the novel is the utmost disregard for reason and natural laws. The protagonist of the novel is the Underground Man, a forty year old man who employ to work in civil service (Dostoevsky, 1992).For a protagonist, he is considered an anti-hero (Madden, n. d. ). He is also the antithesis of the time in which he lived he disagreed with utilitarianism, which prevailed during the 19th century. Utilitarianism was characterized by utilizing numeral formulas and logical proofs to equate ones wants with his top hat interests (Madden, n. d. ). The Underground Man disagrees with this he attests that man wants to exercise his freedom and could do so regardless if it agrees with his outmatch interests o r not. If it is mans desire to act irrational, he could. Of course, acting irrational is not in anyones lift out interest.However, by being irrational, he was truly able to exercise his freedom. Actions based on desires, instead of reason, enable man to be free. Freedom is thus associated with acting without reason. So in an era where reason dominated, the Underground Man was rather unreasonable. By being unreasonable, he was able to be truly free. In the novel, the Underground Man asserts that light deprives one of freedom. Dostoevsky (1992) writes, Science has managed by now to anatomize man to such a degree that we already know that all your covetinging, your so-called free go forth is nix (p.29). The Underground Man then begins his attack on utilitarianism If someday they should really discover the formula for all our whims and wishesI mean, what causes them, what laws theyre governed by, how they develop and where they lead in one case or anotherin other words, an actual m athematical formulawhy, then man will perhaps immediately hold on wishingWho wants to wish according to graphs (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 29)? Whims and wishes in this quotation refers to the desires of man. The principles of utilitarianism are marked by analysis of peoples desires.These desires undergo scrutiny, as to determine if these desires agree with what is best for the people. However, the act of wishing does not involve analysis or scrutiny. One can desire something for no apparent reason. One may wish for something that may prove harmful in the long run. The exercise of freedom is spontaneous and non-regulated. If one has to base his or her desires from the graphs or formulas of science and math, they would no longish fall under the exercise of freedom. If one is to desire based on the graphs or formulas, it would not be an act of freedom any more.This is because there is bother involved the desires are imposed upon by the requirements of science or math. In this situation, the desires of man are dictated by the principles of reason. Thus, freedom disappears upon the use of reason. In the words of the Underground Man, For if desires are one day brought into exculpate accord with reason, then we shall reason instead of wishing (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 30). The Underground Man continues his argument against utilitarianism by differentiating reason and desires. He statesYou see, gentlemen, reason is unquestionably a fine thing, but reason is no more than reason, and it gives fulfillment only to a mans logical thinking capacity, while desires are a manifestation of the whole of lifeI mean the whole of human life, both with its reason and with all its itches and scratches (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 31). In this quotation, the Underground Man affirms that while reason is important, it is not the most important thing. The desires of man, through which freedom can be exercised, have a much wider scope than reason. Therefore, the desires of man cannot be reduced to g raphs and tables because it transcends them.The Underground Man uses the sonant key as a symbol of how reason curbs mans freedom He will insist on clinging precisely to his own fantastic dreams, his most vulgar folly, solely in order to confirm himself that men are still men, and not mild keys, which may be played by the hands of natural laws themselves, but which are threatened by this very playing to be brought to a state where it will no longer be possible to wish a thing outside of graphs and schedules (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 34). Piano keys are pressed to make a sound in the process of playing the piano.These keys cannot produce sound on their own they need to be touched and pressed. The analogy between the man and the piano key is what Dostoevsky used to illustrate his point. By measuring mans desires with the graphs and formulas to determine whether or not it is in their best interests, man becomes a piano key. This is because man comes under the mercy of reason which plays h im. To be manipulated by reason is to be bound by its laws therefore, it is not freedom. The Underground Man believes that humankind value freedom over reason and best interests (Madden, n. d. ).Freedom means acting out of ones desires or wishes whether or not the act mouth of is irrational or foolish. In the book, the Underground Man manifests his freedom through several examples. He had committed acts contrary to reason, making him a truly free individual. Hence, the Underground Man was successful in escaping the realm of reason he despises. The book starts with the Underground Mans admission of a pain. He says, I think that my liver hurts (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 1). Anyone who experiences pain will surely resort to measures to eliminate that pain. This is because pain is suffering, and nobody wants to suffer.In the instance that pain is felt, it is only reasonable that one seeks medical assistance by visiting a doctor. On the contrary, the Underground Man says, No, sir, I refuse t o see a doctor out of contuse (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 1). This purpose is obviously irrational, because he does not want to see a doctor to deal with the pain. In addition, he does not have a binding reason not to go to the doctor. One would presume that he simply takes delectation in his own pain. A rational man would find this decision as preposterous, as no one ever enjoyed suffering from pain (Madden, n. d.). However, what appears to be a manifestation of masochistic tendencies is actually the Underground Mans exercise of freedom. Reason dictates that when one feels pain, that person should visit the doctor. As was earlier discussed, the Underground Man believes that reason limits freedom, because it only acknowledges the desires that would be in ones best interests. The tolerance of pain and the derivation of pleasure from it is the Underground Mans way of breaking free from reason. Surely, it is a foolish thing to do, but he does not want to conform to the dictates of reason .He values his freedom, so he refuses to act according to reason. He is a free man he could do as he pleased. Even if it is contrary to his best interests in prolonging such agony, he still does it because he wished to do so. By tolerating pain and etymologizing pleasure from it, he successful avoids the system of reason. According to the Underground Man, I know better than anyone else that I will only harm myself by this, and no one else. And yet, if I dont seek a cure, it is out of spite. My liver hurts? Good, let it hurt still more (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 2)The Underground Man produce with his painful endeavor, this time with a excessivelythache. The fourth chapter of the book opens with his laughter Ha-ha-ha You will find pleasure in a toothache next And why not? There is pleasure in a toothache ache too (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 14). Just like with the liver ache, the Underground Man allows himself to feel the pain of his tooth instead of seeing a dentist. He welcomes the pain, an d refuses to seek treatment. A critic of the novel, Mikhaylovsky declares that the Underground Man tortures because he wants to, he likes torture.There is neither reason nor purpose here, and, in the opinion of Dostoevksy, they are not at all necessary, for absolute cruelty is interesting (as cited in Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). Indeed, this is true. The Underground Man does not subject himself to pain for a reason. In fact, he does so to do away with reason. He refrains from seeking medical treatment because he wants to. By indulging in his desire, he exercises complete freedom. Aside from the aforementioned tolerance of pains, the Underground Man had exercised his freedom through irrationality in other ways. He statesI would feel a authoritative hidden, morbid, nasty little pleasure in the acute awareness that I had once again committed something repellent that day, that what had been done could no longer be undone and I would gnaw and gnaw at myself in silenceuntil the bi tterness would finally begin to turn into a kind of shameful, damnable afters (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 7). In this excerpt, the Underground Man expresses how he had realized his evil ways by contemplating what he had done. However, instead of wallowing in guilt, the realization ends up being a source of pleasure. How did the Underground Man manifest his freedom through this?The purveyors of rationality would insist that those who know what is in their best interests would not resort to baseness or frivolity. The Underground Man was aware of vileness of his actions in a way, he was aware it was not in his best interests. However, he did not feel a sense of guilt. The realization of his action that started with bitterness eventually became that of sweetness. He knew what he had done was bad, but this does not change the fact that he derived pleasure from it. His reply to such vile deeds set him apart from what reason dictates as proper.Because he did not follow the dictates of reason, he had exercised his own freedom through defiance. Reason makes one feel burdened when one commits a nasty or vile action. It supposes that rational ways should be observed, and a nasty or vile action is never rational. He sights an example when one is forced to apologize for a nasty deed. The Underground Man says Generally, I could never endure saying, grant me, Papa, I wont do it againand not because I was incapable of saying it, but, on the contrary, perhaps precisely because I was all too capable of it.And how I did it (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 16) In this passage, the Underground Man expressed disagreement with repentance. He believes that one should not apologize for doing something. He finds apologies as deceiving the claim to never do an act considered vile again seems insincere. In our freedom, we are all capable of doing these acts. Regardless if they are rational or irrational, we all have the capacity to act according to our own free will. The claim I wont do it again is qu ite fraudulent, as it is quite understood that anyone can do anything, according to their free will.Thus, it is possible for one to exercise freedom and desire something which is not in ones best interest. According to the Underground Man And what if his advantage on a given occasion not only may, but must, lie exactly in choosing for himself the harmful rather than the advantageous? And if this is so, if there can be such an occasion, then the entire rule is shattered to smithereens (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 22). The rule spoken of here is the belief that man would choose what is in his best interests. Again, the exercise of freedom lies in choosing or desiring something regardless of their nature.In the above quotation, the Underground Man affirms that there will be instances wherein man will choose what is harmful, instead of what is useful, to him. The moment such situation arises, the principle of reason will be disproved. The Underground Man does not believe in the principle that man will act according to what is in his best interests. Neither does he believe that mans desires can be reduced to graphs of science nor formulas of mathematics. The concept of freedom for the Underground Man is that which is contrary to the dictates of reason.He does not acknowledge that man will commit acts that are in tune with his best interests. This would be a violation of his freedom, as the freedom presupposes ones capacity for both the rational and the irrational. If one chooses to commit an irrational act, he is merely exercising his freedom. Did the Underground Man succeed in escaping the realm of reason he so despised? The answer is yes. His tolerance of pain and derivation of pleasure from suffering were direct defiance to reason. He had rendered himself completely liberated from the atmosphere of rationality.He did and thought as he pleased, whether or not it was in his best interests. Indeed, he had escaped, and is completely free. REFERENCES Dostoevsky, F. (1992). Notes from Underground (M. Ginsburg, Trans. ). New York Bantam. (Original work published in 1864). Madden, C. (n. d. ). SparkNote on Notes from Underground. Retrieved show 29, 2008, from http//www. sparknotes. com/lit/underground/ Marder, J. , Meyer, M. , & Wyshak, F. (n. d. ). Dostoevskys Notes from Underground Study Guide. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http//community. middlebury. edu/beyer/courses/previous/ru351/novels/UGMan/ugman. html

Peel’s Policies Toward Irealnd Essay

forays policies towards Ireland seem to swing backwards and forwards all over the period 1829-46 he hold backed Catholic emancipation in 1829, yet his policy of coercion seems distinctly repressive, and this was then followed by conciliation, which could be reckoned reforming. Peel had to go a thin bloodline between firmness and assertion of authority without alienating any potential Catholic support. However, on balance we can consider that his policies were more reforming than repressive.Peels support of Catholic emancipation in 1829 shows the reforming side of his policy. He supported it against a colossal amount of scepticism from his birth society and did it in the belief that it was for the good of the union he thought it was a greater risk to refuse to satisfy their demands than to grant them. However, the restriction that Catholic emancipation placed on the franchise meant that it carried with reform an element of repression. Peels Tamworth Manifesto of 1834 showed moderate support for reform, plainly did not commit the Tory party to anything and certainly didnt advocate anything on the scale of Catholic emancipation. Peels early reformist attitude had all but disappeared by the 1841 election, where his party emphasised their traditional position as the defenders of the established Church.During his second ministry, Peels policy of Coercion was clearly quite repressive. Faced with a enigma in Ireland that he considered a greater threat to British Authority than Chartism had ever posed, he made an announcement in parliament that he would slash any attempt to break the union with armed force. This aggressive statement was the start of Peels more repressive policy in Ireland. The Irish Arms act of 1843, which gave the Authorities in Ireland greater powers and banned Catholics from owning guns, was very stringent and can thus be considered repressive, but it can be seen that it was a necessary move in order to prevent more violence in Ireland .Peels decision t ban the meeting at Clontarf can also be seen as repressive. OConnell had organised many large scale demonstrations before which had not been seen to pose a significant threat, but the British government interpreted it as an incitement to illegality. Over half a million people were expected to turn up and the government k new-made around it well in advance however by banning it just the day before it was due to take place, Peel dealt a heavy gasconade to OConnell.Thousands of Irish people were already on their way to the demonstration and OConnell had to tell them all to turn back. On top of this, despite not having done anything illegal, OConnell was then arrested for sedition, tried and found guilty by an all protestant jury. This is perhaps the most openly repressive thing that Peel did in the period. This incident proved to be the turning point in OConnell political career despite later being released from prison he never regained his full authority and subse quently his repeal movement began to fall apart. This was a clear victory for Peels defence of the union, and gave him great support within the Conservative Party.However, Peel was convinced that a population that was more than 80% Catholic could not be coerced indefinitely and in early 1844 maintain that whilst the union itself was still the overriding objective, Equality of treatment for Protestant and Catholic Citizens was necessary so that the Irish middle classes could be persuaded of the benefits of it. Peels protrude of conciliation sought to improve relations and win this crucial support within Ireland. The first step that showed Peel taking a more reforming line was to remove the staunch protestant defender de Gray as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. He was replaced by Lord Heytesbury, who was happy to follow Peels policy of braggy Catholics equal opportunities in government. This showed not just willingness for change, but also would eventually lead to more Catholics in the civil service and magistracy thereby lessening the chance that disaffected Irishmen would turn to the Nationalist cause instead.This willingness for change was shown again in the setting up of the Devon Commission. Setting it up in the first place was an act of great courage the opinion of the time was that it was a landlords right to do as he wished without interference and therefore shows a real attempt at reform by Peel, although it never came to fruition. Peel further tried to win over the Irish Catholics with the charitable bequests load of 1844. It plainly displayed the goodwill of Peels administration to the Catholic Church. Peel saw the support of the Irish Catholic Church as something incredibly eventful it had an essentially conservative nature and there was no ideological reason why its support should be blocked, as it wasnt linked to the nationalists or revolutionaries, and therefore Peel thought it important for them to be on-side.This religious aspect was further tackled in the Maynooth Bill. He was convinced that in its current state, Maynooth was attracting the wrong sort, and by giving money for its improvement and increasing its annual grants, he was not only showing a positive attitude to the Catholic Church, but also ensuring that the new priests were not likely to support the revolutionaries or nationalists. Peels Irish Colleges Bill continued this programme of reform by setting up un-sectarian colleges, with the fair game of ensuring that there would be more educated Catholics who would be eligible for the newly available jobs in the Civil service. However, this was in the face of requests for Catholic colleges from the priests, something that Peel categorically refused to consider.With the coming of the potato famine in 1845, Peel found even greater problems in Ireland, which lead to further reform. Peels worry rough the dependency on the potato was justified, and many people in Ireland were starving. Peel made the decision to tr y and repeal the Corn Laws. He faced huge opposition from his own party at the suggestion, yet the Bill was passed with Whig support. This is the most reforming one of Peels policies towards Ireland however, there is the suggestion that his hand was forced politically.Overall, the cause suggests that although there were some repressive elements to Peels Irish policy, namely the period of Coercion, the majority of his policy can be considered as more reforming, as he acted to try and change and improve the conditions in Ireland and the relationships between Britain and Ireland. This is shown by Peels reasoning that in order to preserve the Union (which was to him the most important matter), the Irish would have to be treated fairly and be shown the benefits of it.

Brother Man

Brother piece By Roger Mais 4/1/13 Summary The novel follows several characters including brother small-arm and Minette, Girlie and Papacita, Jesmina, Cordelia and Tad. Brother man is the v fed up(p)ages healing man but some of the villagers do not believe in what he does. Girlie and Papacita are in an abusive blood and they both suffer gr swallow uply from it. Papacita however is out till late hours of the night making deal with men for setting them up with girls.Jesmina has been taking boot of Cordelia because she has been sick but once brother man comes and places his hand on her and prays, she begins to recover back to full health. However her young son tad becomes ill with an unbreakable fever. Minette secretly loves Brother cosmos but cannot get him to notice her, so she also flirts with Papacita. One night when Brother Man was walking finished the village he thought he was so focused that he did not fully notice a woman who had said peace and benevolence to him. But whe n he went back to thank her, she could not be found.Brother Man asked a girl and boy if they had seen the old woman but they had not. They told Brother Man about the legend of old Mag and how her spirit is said to go around giving curses and mildnesss on people. Brother Man reas trustedd them that she has said blessing words. Brother Man then ran into a young boy carrying a crab. The boy showed brother man how he has handcuffed the crab to itself in order to safely carry it home. Brother Man then offered to buy the crab and the boy took him up on his offer. Then brother man released its handcuffs and set it free.Brother Man then explains to the young boy that all creatures have feelings and that it was not right to torture the crab by handcuffing it. Visceral Response When first introduced to Papacita and Girlie, I did not translate their relationship. I pitied Girlie for having to put up with the physical along with the mental abuse but then again she dishes out some abuse as wel l. It is truly a sad occurrence when little Tad becomes sick and they are unable to break the fever. I have hope that he testament get better but I fear that he will die.As for Brother Man I have mixed feelings about him. I understand that he is supposed to be the protagonist of the story and that we as readers are supposed to like him but I am not too sure if I do. I sometimes get the feeling from him that he is better than everyone else because he knows more, yet he preaches that all living beings should be equal. He is close like a too perfect character. It actually makes me mad when he buys the crab off of the boy and lectures him about not handcuffing crabs. The boy was going to eat that to survive, it is the way of life survival of the fittest.

The Pearl Characters Pen Portrait

Pen Portraits-The Pearl Juana- Juana is a truly young dame and she has just had her first child. In the starting of the book, she is actually calm and does not speak much. Towards the end of the book she is a lot much aggressive and speaks more than she used to. Her attitude changes and she stays by gum kino whatever happens. An example is when Kino has killed a man she helps him entomb the dead body instead of weighty anyone of the crime. Steinbeck also writes that when she carries out her way of curing Coyotito by putting the poultice on his sting, she does not have any faith in her technique and thinks that they should go to the doctor.This is the proof that tells us that she has a strong belief in authority. At the end of the book, she becomes very stubborn and this stubbornness leads to her sons death. When Kino tells Juana that she should hide with Coyotito to stay safe, she says no three times without any hesitation or weakness. This is an example of her stubbornness. If she would have hidden with Coyotito, the consequences could have differed. My opinion of Kino is that she was a very strong character and had a very large roll to play in this book.Her roll was not only protecting Coyotito, but she was also Kinos largest support. Kino- Kino is a young man who thinks he will achieve everything after he gets the pearl. He has too many ambitions such as sending his son to school, getting married, and having a rifle. He tells his ambitions to all the villagers and the priest becomes even avariciousnessier after hearing what he can do with just a Pearl. Although the priest cannot do anything wrong as he is a religious man, the doctor can. He also sets himself some ambitions such as drinking wine in a rich restaurant.But to achieve his ambitions he must have the pearl. He tries to seal it but is not successful. Kino knows that on the way to achieving his ambitions he will have to face evil but he is too greedy and the greed makes him blind. All he can see are his ambitions. His indulgence is also a reason of his sons death. If he would have sold it for 1500 pesos than his sons death could have been avoided, but as I have written, greed can make a person blind. In my opinion, Kino was trapped by the pearl and he can do nothing to get drive home himself from the pearls invisible trap.It is not every day that a man gets lucky. And when Kino gets lucky, he wants to make too much from the luck and this teaches him a lesson you should always be happy with what you have. Juan Tomas- Juan Tomas is Kinos bigger brother and his wife is Apolonia. Juan Tomas warns Kino about the consequences of what the pearl could do. Kino does not listen to his brother and very unfortunate consequences follow. For example, Juan Tomas says there is a devil in this pearl but Kino knows this but instead of throwing it away, he keeps it as a hope, he keeps it as his soul.When Kino kills a man in self-defense, Juan Tomas and Apolonia hide Kinos family. This s hows us that Juan Tomas nature is very helpful although he knows that he is helping a criminal who could be sent to jail or even executed, he remembers that he is Kinos brother and should always stay as a support for him and his family From my opinion, He is a very humble man and seems happy with his post in his life yet, he understands Kino and why he wants to hit too much from the pearl. Juan Tomas, although he has a very short part to play, it is still a very important one.

Respect vs. Disrespect

Respect Vs Dis enjoy By Osita Onyebuchi Respect vs. Disrespect Have you ever met roundone who was rude to you and didnt hold you with much regard? How did you have? Did you feel angry? What do you think respect is? How is respect earned? Respect is an important delegacy of macrocosm kind and good to other state. We live in a society that respect is earned not given. With respect there is overly an opposite side of remissness. The definition of respect is to consider worthy of uplifted regard. There argon different rows of respect, the word respect is defined as the condition of being esteemed or honored.Disrespect, on the other hand, is defined as a lack of respect. Respect has great importance in e veryday life everyone wants to be respected. Even those who do not give respect stomach to be respected by others. We may also learn that how our lives go depends every bit as much on whether we respect ourselves. The value of superciliousness may be something we rotter take for granted, or we may discover how very important it is when our self-respect is threatened, or we lose it and have to work to get hold it, or we have to struggle to develop or maintain it in a hostile environment.Some people find that finally being able to respect them is what matters most It is acknowledged widely that there argon many different kinds of respect. Respect may come in different forms, but it will silent be perceived as respect. Respect in your family household is very important for a child and any other individual. For example, a child may choose to obey their p arnt because their parent is very strict and the child doesnt want to get on their bad side. This form of respect could also be perceived as fear because the child is worried about how the parent will react if they choose to misbehave.Read also Twitter carapace StudyThe child would also respect their parent in a way that if they were to request something, the parents will grant the favor. Another example is a police military officer respecting the rights of a man they ripe arrested. This form of respect is leaning towards unalienable rights. The police officer have to give you the respect that you deserve fifty-fifty when you are the one wrong in the situation. The respect goes a long way in our legal system because its the foundation on how criminals should be treated. Everybody akes mistakes specially criminals so you should always resect them even if you dont approve of what they did. We are not in the place to judge anybody regardless of what they did. Everyones rights are respected regardless of merit. Another example is a child respecting and looking up to a celebrity. The child is in awe and therefore respects the celebrity. besides those three examples, there is also religion. In different religions and culture comes major respect. The gestures you make with one culture is different with other cultures and religions.The culture of the people of china and Africa demand respect. For example, taking off your shoes before you enter into a house is very big in China but not as big in the United States. Another example would be calling your elders aunt or uncle. In Africa that is major respect, you cant walk into someone house and dont greet them by saying aunt or uncle, Religious tolerance does not mean one cannot express his aver beliefs. It does mean that seeking to undermine or attack the religious faith and beliefs of another has always been a short road totrouble.It doesnt matter if you dont godliness the sam GOD the person next to you, just have respect for their religious beliefs. Cultures and religions are very important to people, so therefore respecting them is also very important. The last example is respect in the body of work. When you are at work there are so many rules you have to follow when it comes to respecting your co-workers. For example, theres is a various amount of beautiful women at your workplace and you tend to gain int erest in the person other than business alliance. I would hint not to do it due to the fact that it may come off as a form of default.When it comes to building a relationship in the workplace it just doesnt work out so try to stay away from that. Aside from respect, there is also disrespect. From being slapped by someone to being publically humiliated, disrespect is alive and well in todays society. Just like respect, disrespect also comes in different forms. Verbal disrespect is a form of disrespect seen virtually everywhere. Raising your voice to an adult in public, using harsh words towards one another are some examples of verbal disrespect. Verbal disrespect does not always appear to be disrespect.For example, rationalizeting someone off while they are speaking and lying and manipulation. When you cut somebody off when they are speaking that shows the person that you are not listening to them and dont care about what they have to say. Many people are being verbally disrespec ted but do not notice it because it is not always as harsh as other forms of disrespect. Another form of disrespect is technological disrespect. Many people are disrespected and humiliated on social networks such Facebook, Twitter, and etc. But it doesnt stop there, emailing texting, and even when talk on the phone can lead to technological disrespect.There is a lot of disrespect on the internet such as Facebook, both male and female can comment on somebody picture and say something sexual that the person would take offensive in disrespect. On twitter people can tweet something sexual and the unless reason people are doing it because of fear so they hide behind a computer. Aside from technological disrespect is an even bigger issue of disrespect, physical disrespect. Weve all heard about violence, not just in relationships but violence in general. Some examples of physical disrespect is violence in a relationship, physically hurting your children or family, or physically harming yourself.Physical disrespect is probably one of the worst forms of disrespect because it not only affects you physically but also emotionally and cognitively. One example of Physical disrespect is the bus driver incident that was over the news. A man should never put his hands on a female regardless of any circumstance. Physical abuse leaves scars that will not go away. In a relationship if you are getting physically disrespected, you should not be in the relationship than, no relationship is worth getting hit all the time. There are many variables when it comes to respect and disrespect.If you always respect a person it is likely that they will disrespect you. In this society that we live in treat others the way that you want to be treated. Respect goes a long way in life. Respect is to consider somebody that is high worthy. Everybody should be high worthy to you , just go by the guidelines provided below and you will be a respected person and also know how important it is to respe ct somebody else. Work lift Page Koppelman, A. (2010). How Shall I Praise Thee? Brian Leiter on Respect for Religion. San Diego Law Review, 47(4), 961-986. Colker, J. (2012). THE DANGER OF DISRESPECT. Smart Business Chicago, 9(11), 10.

Anatomy and Physiology Cells

This essay get out outline the functions of the main cell components, these consist of the nucleus, thermonuclear tissue layer, mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum both rough and smooth. Images 3 Every human body has billions of microscopic units called cells. Cells carry out numerous of chemical reactions and processes that make up the essence of life. The structure of cells varies in size and shape and has different functions.There ar four main features with in a cell and these consist of the cell membrane also cognise as the plasma, the cell nucleus which contains mature red blood cells, the cytoplasm and the organelles which is a various component of a cell with a distinct structure and their own functions and can be likened to miniature organs. Organelles include mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum the Golgi apparatus and lysosomes 1 The nucleus is usually the largest structure inside the cell which cont ains chromosomes which contains deoxyribonucleic pungent ( deoxyribonucleic acid), this is the genetic coding material which determines difference characteristics.The nucleus main function is to contain instructions for growth, work and maintenance of the cell, it controls nearly all the activities of the cell. A smaller, darker surface area is often visible, the nucleolus, this is a source of ribonucleic acid (RNA) one of the nucleic acids 2. When a cell is not dividing (known as resting) this is called the chromatin network and the nuclear material appears like a thick, triangle mass. When a cell is in the process of dividing, the chromatin network separates into distinct black threads known as chromosomes and there are 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human cell. The nuclear membrane is made up of 2layers, each composed of a lipid bilayer. It has holes all over which are called nuclear pores, to facilitate and regulate the exchange of materials, for example, proteins and RNA, betw een the nucleus and cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. The inner membrane is linked with a network of intermediate filaments called nuclear lamina acts as a site of attachment for chromosomes. It also acts as a shield for the nucleus. 4 The mitochondria are rod shaped or spherical shaped, they are very energy active cells.Each mitochondrion has a double layered membrane but the inner layer is folded at intervals, producing a series of ridges known as cristae which is where the enzymes responsible for the end stages of cell respiration. The energy released from glucose is stored until it is needed by a chemical battery called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). When energy is required for building complex molecules or doing work like contracting muscles, ATP breaks down to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), releasing energy to build chemical bonds.The ADP is recycled, to be built up once much into ATP, using the energy released from glucose. 3 The number of mitochondria in a cell depends on the amount of energy it needs to perform its function, for example the muscle cell will have a large amount because it needs a lot of energy. Images 4 Lysosomes are very small vesicles produced by part of the Golgi apparatus. They contain powerful enzymes that degrade bacteria, protein, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids and other foreign materials and they release it outside the cells. ysosomes travel freely within the cell and by releasing their contents they can destroy old or damaged organelles and in some cases entire cells, like the clean-up crew of the cell that eliminate anything that has outlived their usefulness. The Golgi apparatus packages protein to deliver to other organelles or outwards from the lysosomes. This appears to look flattened, gas filled sacs which are stacked upon each other. Images 2 The cell membrane is a thin semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosing its contents.Its function is t o protect the honor of the inner of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell (for example, gases and liquids), while keeping other substances out 6. The cytoplasm is semi-fluid, gel like substance that gives shape to the cell. This where metamorphosis takes place and this accommodates cell organelles such the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), rough and smooth.The rough ER is studded with tiny black bodies called ribosomes and its functions are to diligence cell proteins and act as a temporary storage area. whatsoevertimes sugars are added to protein (glycoprotein) in secretions like mucus. The smooth ER has no attached ribosomes and is concern in the metabolism. Smooth ER is important in the synthesis of lipids and membrane proteins. Rough ER is important in the synthesis of other proteins. Information coded in DNA sequences in the nucleus is transcribed as courier RNA. Messenger RNA exits the nucleus th rough small pores to enter the cytoplasm.At the ribosomes on the rough ER, the messenger RNA is translated into proteins. These proteins are then transferred to the Golgi in transport vesicles where they are further processed and packaged into lysosomes, peroxisomes, or secretory vesicles 5 The reticulum network fills the cell interior and channels passage ways for transporting materials to and from parts of the cell. Images 1 Ribosomes what are studded all over rough ER. A ribosome is a biological molecule made of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins (ribosomal proteins).The structure of a ribosome is complex, and it is responsible for making the millions of proteins that are needed by cells. Think of a ribosome as a small protein biosynthetic factory that translates the DNA genetic information into an amino acid sequence (the primary structure of proteins). 7 A ribosome may be located in many places within the cell. Some are in the cytosol and others are bound to cellular membrane s. Membrane-bound ribosomes are responsible for the characteristic roughness of the endoplasmic reticulum when seen under a microscope.Reference Images 1. unnamed (undated) http//www. cellsalive. com/cells/er. htm online 2. Anon. (undated) http//micro. magnet. fsu. edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus. hypertext markup language online 3. Anon. (undated) http//scienceaid. co. uk/biology/cell/structure. html online 4. Michael W. Davidson (2000) http//micro. magnet. fsu. edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria. html online Books and internet 1. Stretch B. (2010) Health & Social Care Level 3 Book 1 image and physiology for health and social shell out 2. Stretch B. 2010) Health & Social Care Level 3 Book 1 Anatomy and physiology for health and social care 3. Stretch B. (2010) Health & Social Care Level 3 Book 1 Anatomy and physiology for health and social care 4. Anon. (2008) www. biology-online. org/dictionary/Nuclear_membrane online 5. Anon. (undated) www. cellsalive. com/cells/er. htm online 6. Regina Bailey (2012) www. biology. about. com/od/biologydictionary/g/cell-membrane. htm online 7. Paul Arnold (2009) www. brighthub. com/science/genetics/articles/22938. aspx online

What is a SWOT analysis?

devise Analysis stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and threats. It is a strategic planning tool which is used by caperes and institution to set a comprehensible rationale of the find. 1This analysis is not only aimed at analyzing the inborn factors but it also scans the remote milieu. Strengths and weaknesses are usually taken as internal environmental factors while opportunities and threats are viewed as outdoor(a) environmental factors. It helps a ships companion in formulating strategies and utilizes the firms resources in the accurate vicinity.Strengths would highlight the areas where investments should be made to further enhance the product or service and make it as a free-enterprise(a) advantage for the company, e.g. low cost. Weaknesses would tell a firm that improvement is required in a grouchy area, e.g. weak distribution network. Opportunities would define the areas which are not being targeted by the company and investing in that area would bring chances of growth and profit, e.g. an unmet customer need. There may be some changes in the international environment which can be a threat for a company, e.g. a new substitute product.2 tog out analysis should be performed for every area of the blood linees and it should be repeatedly done for every market.What is its purpose in strategic planning?strategic planning basically helps a business to set its overall objectives and indeed build a comprehensive plan to accomplish those objectives.3 In doing so, SWOT analysis performs an important dish by highlighting the strengths and weaknesses and spotlighting the opportunities and weaknesses. Through this in-depth market analysis, companies can set their goals in the right direction.Do you have to go on a SWOTT Analysis to have an effective strategic plan? Why or why not.Yes, it is indispensable to perform a SWOT analysis for building an effective strategic plan. The suit is that it tells a company what has been done well, so a s to focus in that area to earn higher profits. Then it highlights the internal harmful factors that can be improved by a company. Not only this, it gives insights for better opportunities in the market. 4 SWOT Analysis also informs about potential threats for a business. It is an immense planning tool that get out help in building a winning strategic plan for a company.Week 2 DQ 2What are the key planning factors for competitive success? line planning factors for an disposal will differ from company to company. However, we can perform a general industry analysis, a keen-sighted with competitor analysis and macro environment analysis. These factors drive the strategy of a company, so it is important to understand then properly. For achieving competitive success, type of business must be taken into account. Some suggested key planning factors for competitive success are focalise on strategic planning Right implementation of the strategy Time management of the entire project Using project management techniques for effective planning Research and learning Acquiring land and maintaining liquidness Well-constructed product Establishing efficient channels of distribution Providing after-sales support Communicating every decision to everyone in the organization Involvement of every employee in decision marking5 Teamwork and Collaboration between all departments Following principles of EthicsProvide an example of an organization that has gaind competitive success through planning.An example of an organization that has achieved competitive success through planning is Nestl. It is a leading nutrition and health company. They have diversified into new areas by creating value for their products. They were able to achieve that through long term planning by creating value for their shareholders, employees, consumers, and business partners. They strategically planned for the development of their research centers across the globe which is now one of their competitive ad vantages. Their entry into different countries and creating products with respect to the tastes and polish of that country was also a part of their strategic planning process. This planning is helping them to achieve their long term vision, i.e. creating shared value for society and shareholders.6Provide an example of an organization that has failed to achieve competitive success as the result of failed planning.An example of an organization that has failed to achieve competitive success as the result of failed planning is Hersheys. It is a leading manufacturer of chocolates, confectionaries and beverages in United States of America. Hersheys was in process of implanting an ERP Solution and they decided to convey SAP ERP. But this implementation failed and caused heavy loss to the company in terms of profits and sales. The reason was not any technical mistake by the vendor but poor planning by Herseys. They choose wrong conviction for implementation when business was at its peak. They made a blunder of restructuring the business process and changing it in a wrong way without doing strategic planning.They spend most of the time on ERP implementation which interrupted the day to day operations of the business, creating confusions for the employees. They might have avoided this issue if they remained pore and planned out all activities properly before implementation. They should have set their priorities in a strategic manner by looking at the business prospects from all angles.7BibliographyWhat is SWOT Analysis(2010), Retrieved from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-swot-analysis.htmStrategic Management(2010), Retrieved from http//www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/Strategic Planning(2010), Retrieved from http//www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1079687246&type=RESOURCESRoger Lever (Dec 10, 2008), Retrieved from http//strategic-business planning.suite101.com/article.cfm/use_swot_analysis_for_strategic_planningKey Success Factors in Strategic Plannin g By post horse Birnbaum, CMC(2009) Retrieved from http//www.birnbaumassociates.com/key-success-factors.htmRetrieved from http//www.nestle.com/AllAbout/AllAboutNestle.htmAnalyzing ERP failures in Hershey, Retrieved from http//www.erpwire.com/erp-articles/failure-story-in-erp-process.htm1 What is SWOT Analysis(2010), Retrieved from http//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-swot-analysis.htm 2Strategic Management(2010), Retrieved from http//www.quickmba.com/strategy/swot/ 3 Strategic Planning(2010), Retrieved from http//www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1079687246&type=RESOURCES 4 Roger Lever (Dec 10, 2008), Retrieved from http//strategic-business planning.suite101.com/article.cfm/use_swot_analysis_for_strategic_planning 5 Key Success Factors in Strategic Planning By Bill Birnbaum, CMC(2009) Retrieved from http//www.birnbaumassociates.com/key-success-factors.htm 6 Retrieved from http//www.nestle.com/AllAbout/AllAboutNestle.htm 7 Analyzing ERP failures in Hershey, Retrieved from http//www.erpwire.com/erp-articles/failure-story-in-erp-process.htm

Reflective Paper on Management of Organizations Essay

The concept of perplexity especi everyy that of managing organic natural laws, is a broad sports stadium of study and usu onlyy requires rationality of the other branches of human neededness much(prenominal) as sociology, psychology and economics, among others. In determining the most sound approach in man bestridement, it is alpha to learn the basics of dealing with persons, how to organize them, come their skills while bonding them together and eventually beat positive outcome or production from their collective labor. Being an experient prevail and element of the US Armed Forces, I work learned through the years in reserve camps and in field that interpersonal relationship is not easily perfected considering mans innate instinct of self-survival.In assign for a man to survive in any given situation, condition and place, it is completely if rude(a) for him to save and protect himself or his interests, often clippings resulting to conflict with other persons. This human frailty is often than not the root of problems and conflict affecting the smooth flow of communication and cooperation within a certain throng or musical arrangement. In addition to this, a persons in susceptibility to understand the proper systems of reading within an organization and the natural air of heightens brought by extracurricular forces much(prenominal) as information technology, globalisation and the likes usually result to negative output or disintegration of the organization itself. Also, change, transformation and evolution is contri scarcelyion of nature. Such reality also affects organizations and the hostelry as a self-coloured. The concept of the continuous transformation of the partnership and all of its institutions is best described by Donald Schon (1973)The loss of st ad minded(predicate)ed state means that our society and all of its institutions be in continuous mental processes of transformation. We cannot expect saucily stable states t hat leave al mavin endure for our make lifetimes. We essentialiness learn to understand, guide, influence and managed these transformations. We essential make the capacity for undertaking them integral to ourselves and to our institutions.We moldiness, in other words, beget adept at learning. We must become able not however to transform our institutions, in reply to changing situations and requirements we must invent and develop institutions which argon learning systems, that is to say, systems capable of bringing about their knowledge proceed transformation. (Schon 1973 28) Schon, as quoted by M.K. Smith (2001) in his article, The education Organization posted in the worldwide web infed.org, is indeed correct by saying that we must learn how to adapt to changes and transformation, make them as integral part of us and our institutions and likewise come up with new learning systems that could carry on the cycle. Given this idea, I believe that by learning the proper syst ems in the field of management, one would not only be able to adapt to such transformations in the society and all its institutions or organizations, but also one could make a big difference in mobilizing people together, making them much competent, service-oriented, effective and productive. At the same time, learning the proper systems can lessen, if not only its impact, the conflict caused by self-survival by fewones thereby resulting to an effective police squad that is highly competitive, competent and motivated. Part of the learning systems in an organization is the building of aggroups that would become the heart and machinery of the organization.In building squads, I have learned from some(prenominal) readings that it is pregnant to determine the strength and weaknesses of apiece individual to assess their distinct capabilities that would match the requirement for specific responsibilities and hit shape to be done. In determining the weaknesses and strength of th e team members, as well as the over-all status of the team, around analytical modules can be used such as the force field analysis and the organize analysis. To initiate the force field analysis, the team must start with a brainstorming session to make out the driving and restraining forces in their organization. The driving forces be the factors that promote obedience to the teams work or schedule while the restraining forces ar the factors that hinder adherence. By learning how to determine both, the team and its attraction would be able to design strategies how to approach the problem and decrease the restraining forces to achieve maximum resolution. Another effective focal point of identifying the internal and external strength, weaknesses and opportunities of the team is the chock up analysis. In using the SWOT analysis, the team would not only be able to determine the causes of motivation or hindrances to their work or schedules, but also the opportunities and threats to the organization. SWOT is more comprehensive and detailed and by identifying the internal strength and weaknesses and the external opportunities and threats, the team would be able to draw up critical solutions to its problems. In using systematic analysis in identifying problems, the team attraction also develops a systematic saying or approach in building a vigorous and effective team. Such forms of analysis are effective in most cases especially in armed forces operations. As an active member of the US army, part of our daily activities is to maintain order in each team at the camp and effectively carry out orders from our superiors. By learning how to determine several forces that affect our operations, I am becoming more capable to handle orders and cooperate with my colleagues. At my age of 41, I am still open to possibilities that even an older woman like me could achieve more in the future. Through learning how to build teams and eventually become a very heartfelt a ttraction, I am relearning the values of discipline, independence and competence that I could use once I finish my course in Human Resources.But building teams and knowing each team members talent is only part of the larger look of learning systems in learning organizations. The next step to an effective management ishow to enhance and develop strategies that would improve the team.An effective team develops slipway to share lead roles and ways to share accountability for their work output. It also builds a specific team purpose and goals. There are several ways or strategies how to motivate teams to become stronger and more efficient. It is important to establishe objectives together. All team members must understand the objectives and what actions are needed to achieve them. Each member shall have a sense of certificate of indebtedness and must have a sense of participation in achieving the collective goal of the team. A good drawing card also knows how to foster members t o suggest ways how to improve their own services. The team must develop a participatory style. The feeling of belongingness and importance is one of the best ways to boost the team members team spirit.I often do this at home with my children. For 18 years as I reared them as private parent, I tried to teach them to speak and to participate in all house concerns. This made them free and self-as authenticd the same way a team member should feel important. Most often than not, earreach is the best way to learn. Leaders should know how to listen to their team members. They should also acknowledge their points of view and encourage a healthy venue for discussions and democratic debates.Healthy discussions are actually therapeutic to the group because the members will be able to speak their minds or the problems they encounter at work. This improves interpersonal relationships and lessens the conflict of self-interests and self-survival.By understanding each others problems or by lis tening to one another, a team member would learn to decrease his personal walls and start opening doors to other persons. This is actually interesting for me. As I go through this course and the learning systems in management and organizational learning, I come to crystallise that managing teams or organization is not quite different from managing your own home.I could easily relate, not only because I encounter team concerns at work but also because I have experienced being aleder at my own house. Meanwhile, other strategies in can be exhibitd to maximize the effectiveness of a team. Defining specific roles and responsibilities also avails in organizing the team and keeping them focused.It is also important to explain rules and regulations, including time commitments. By knowing the rules and the rationale for such rules, team members will develop respect and trust to the organization. inscription of time for team building and team work is also crucial in an organizations growth . All members must have a sincere concern for the team and in doing so, they must be willing to extend time at work to do their responsibility to the group, if needed. According to the experts, an effective team has at least seven characteristics. These are as follows team members share leadership roles team develops own scope of work team schedules work to be done and commits to taking time allotted to do work team develops tangible work products team shared accountability performance is based on achieving team products and open discussion and collective resolution of problems within the team. Working long hours at the nurses station in camps and in hospitals, taking care of the sick and old, then has given me decorous insight of the real meaning of team work.It is true that a hospital or a legions infirmary is just like an organization. Each medical staff shall take part in all the responsibilities. Less time would also be spent if each nurse takes quality time to take care of t he patients or station himself in a designated area.In my former line of work, there are also specific responsibilities and areas of accountability including pharmacy, supplies, maintenance, emergency, wards, among others.The same is true with the military. And mush is expected of us. At present, I am an E6 Supply Staff Sergeant. I work for a transportation reserve unit full time. I am part of a larger team. And it is my responsibility to take care of their supply needs. If I fail, the whole system fails. It is a chain. But if I do my work on time and with efficiency, I process my teammates and the order is protected. Simple things or simple tasks are oftentimes the key to an organizations success. By doing the very basic things right, the team is assured of a holistic effectiveness and efficiency.As I perplex to look back, it is getting clearer to me that the tricks of management, in any given field, are actually around us everyday. atomic number 53 only needs to be more observa nt and deviseive to mend understand the processes of learning. Part of the continuing learning process is also the methods of solving conflicts. Conflicts within organizations usually arise when there is contradiction mingled with team members, who sometimes have varying views on specific concerns. When conflicts arise, experts tell us that it is important to introduce a constructive way how to resolve it. The first thing that one must take into reflection is to avoid jumping into conclusions. To avoid such mistake, it is crucial to identify the factors that have caused the conflict and determine the stakeholders intricate in the conflict. Group discussion would help determine who are stakeholders in a certain conflict. By diplomatically opening a dialogue between the stakeholders, the leader would be able to recognize individual interests, as well a power issues affecting the conflict. The next step is to consider the alternatives in solution the conflict. Each alternative mu st be carefully studied and from each, try to determine which is the most apt solution to the problem. After the chosen solution is implemented, it is imperative to evaluate its effect to assess whether the results are satisfactory. If not, get down the process again and find other solution to the conflict. In every organization, change is also a constant factor. Organizations are often faced by difficulties within the structure when there is leadership or organizational change. According to Rosabeth Moss Kanter (1999, Chapter 5), it was proven over the years that things that sustain change are not downright strokes but long marches the independent, discretionary and ongoing efforts of people throughout the organization. Kanter (1999, Chapter 5) further says that real change requires people to adjust to their behavior, and that behavior is often beyond the control of top management. Kanter teaches us that change is continuously created at many levels in an organization. Kanter s ays that there are big events that often occur due to outdoors forces while some changes are brought about by the peoples actions in their daily operations. In confronting change, adept organizations share trey key attributes. Kanter (1999, Chapter 5) specifies these as follows *The imagination to bring out. To encourage innovation, effective leaders helpdevelop new concepts the ideas, models, and applications of technology that set an organization apart.*The professionalism to perform. Leaders provide personal and organizational competence, back up by workforce training and development, to execute flawlessly and deliver value to ever more demanding customers.*The bleakness to collaborate. Leaders make connections with partners who can extend the organizations reach, enhance its offerings, or energize its practices. (Kanter 1999, Chapter 5) Kanter cited three important words concept, competence and connections. She claims that these nonphysical assets naturally build up with successful individuals and organizations. Such intangible assets, she explains, reflect habits and not programs. These habits personal skills, behavior and relationships if deeply imbedded within the organization results to minimal resistance to change. If the organization has such assets, change would be so natural that leaders would find it easier to gear their team members to positively react to change. Mastering change and transformation usually brought by outside forces such as technology, globalization, rivalry and politics as well is not an slowly task. The organization should be intuitive, dynamic and innovative. The organization must come up with its own innovations to adapt to its environment, guided by the skillful and pro-active leader. Kanter (1999) explains that the skillful leader must know how to lead with passion, conviction and confidence in others. There are other techniques or tips that could be adopted by an effective leader. The first is to keep abreast wi th the changing environment. A leader must be constantly observant, keen in learning and updated of what is new and what is latest. Kanters concept of effective leadership teaches me and everyone else another basic characteristic of humans our innate instinct to learn. Mans curiosity and constant search for the truth or the story behind things is actually a trait that must be surpassed by a leader. I now find it imperative to double my efforts in honing my skills in preparation for my future as human resource personnel or manager. Doing routines at the military sometimes make you too comfortable with your environment that you forget to check what is happening around. Now, I am blood line to realize that in order to be an effective and skillful leader, one must prepare and master the technique of listening, learning and tuning in to the environment. Another trait that a leader should master is to think outside the box. Kanter said it is okay to challenge the wisdom of the organiz ation. It is alright to question the patternsn and come up with new solutions, looking into different angles or dimensions that sometimes lead to new approaches and innovative ideas. Kanter (1999) gave several examples how to promote changeable thinking. Team members can conduct activities outside the company or the organization itself. Interact, immerse with the community, break routines, get around tune assignments or even exchange projects. These are only few of the ways to generate unused ideas and opportunities. Genuine conviction is also a positive trait that should be taught to team members. Kanter (1999) explains that one cannot trade change or anything else without any real conviction. In order for others to believe what you say or what you are trying to communicate, you must believe it first.Makes sense to me. In many situations that I was confronted by issues at the US Armed Forces, my children would sometimes ask about the real concerns and agenda of the US governme nt. And in many cases, I try to answer them as honestly as I could. But now, it reminds me of my true feelings at that time. Kanter helps me reflect of my thoughts and thinking about it, I know that at times, I am not even sure whether my convictions were genuine enough to let my children believe what I say. This is one trait of a good leader I must master. To have genuine conviction so I could become an effective leader and be able to communicate vision and aspirations to my team members. Change leaders also needs the appointment of the team members who have the resources, the knowledge and the political influence to make things possible. Kanter (1999) calls it coalition building. In early stages of planning, the leader must identify key players with appropriate capabilities. It is also important to find sources across or outside the organization to find influencers. According to Kanter, coalition building requires an understanding of the politics of change and its accompanying pr inciples. at one time the coalition is in place, a leader must know how to coach and provide guidance to the team members while at the same time allowing them to enhance their individual contribution to the team. Kanter (1999) says leaders should allow team members to forge their own identity, build a sense of membership and become accustomed in implementing changes. The leader must resist giving too many responsibilities to the members because in order for their individual capabilities to grown, they must learn how to focus. Another effective way to ensure the success of an organization and its resolution to change is the primary law of management perseverance. I myself believe that in any aspect of our life, not only in management, learning how to persevere and develop a strong passion on what we do is a positive attitude. exertion gives a person more room to grow. As a 41-year-old woman, others may think that my career is close to over or that I may be experiencing the downsi des of life. But I beg to disagree because I know that in pursuing my studies in human resources, I will have a better future ahead of me. My perseverance and willingness to adapt to changes and hone my skills in the process makes me a person with a vision and a drive to achieve more. As Kanter (1999) explains, one must know how to overcome obstacles during the process of change. Perseverance helps a savvy leader to ensure the success of the process and prevent failure. If a leader launches something, he must not leave it to the team members. He should ensure that the process is done until the end. And aft(prenominal) everything has been put into place, it is important to recognize each members contribution to the any accomplishment. Remembering to punish and recognize accomplishments is critical in any leadership, Kanter (1999) says. Words of gratitude, recognition or appreciation are one of the most powerful tool in motivating members of any organization. In the US Armed Force s, promotions and allocate of medals of honor or valor are few of the motivational tools being used to boost the morale of US soldiers and to encourage them to fight for America. It is also a form of incentive to American soldiers for their sacrifices and the risks they face in the military, considering that the profession is a high risk one. According to Kanter, there is no limit to how much recognition a leader can provide to his team members. Making everyone a hero for a job well done often results to higher performance or bigger output in the future. In relation to change in an organization, Kanter (1999) says recognition motivates people to attempt change again especially if they are involved in the process. In closing, effective management of people or organization is actually the ability to lessen individualism and self-survival instincts, break communication barriers, limit conflicts, building teams and training them to adapt to change, and the ability to innovate in order to keep abreast with the constantly changing environment. Effective management, though not easy to achieve, is actually a continuous learning process. One must have the concepts, the competence and the connections in order to become competitive, innovative and effective. Ashford University actually teaches us the same foundational values. The values of self-worth, creativity, independence, service, integrity and effectiveness. As for me, after canvas this course and learning the proper systems in effective management, it is clear that the universitys core values such as creativity and effectiveness are truly important, not only to every individual but to interpersonal relationships and organizations as well. The ability to innovate and have the respect for the free flow of ideas are some of the key points in mastering the techniques of effective management. As discussed above, innovation and transformation are continuous processes in the growth of an organization and by learning th e values of creativity and self-directedness, one is assured that he could face the ever-changing and demanding world outside. Also, ones independence, self-discipline and competence result to effectiveness, not only as an individual but also as integral part of a larger group or organization. In any way, I believe that my aspirations in life are clearer and more achievable as I grasp a better understanding of the processes or organizational learning, as well as the values being taught at the Ashford university. This course is actually very interesting and liberating because it gives me a broader view of the society and its institutions. (End)ReferencesSmith, M.K. (2001) The Learning Organization, The Encyclopedia of Informal Education, Retrieved May 3, 2006 from http//www.infed.org/biblio/learning-organization.htmSchon, D.A. (1973) Beyond the Stable State. Public and Private Learning in a Changing Society, Harmondsworth Penguin, 236 pages.Kanter, Rosabeth Moss (1999) The Enduring Skills of Change Leaders (Chapter 5) , On Leading Change. Retrieved May 3 from http//leadertoleader.org/leaderbooks/L2L/summer99/kanter.htmlForce Field Analysis. Retrieved May 3 from http//erc.msh.org/quality/pstools/psffanal.cfmSWOT Analysis. Retrieved May 3 from http//erc.msh.org/quality/examples/swot.cfm If such could be achieved by a person, then he is a candidate to become an effective leader. By trying to understand the academic theories and vast possibilities to which this course of study has offered me, I now come to the realization that there is room for much improvement to everyone, even to a 44-year-old nothing is impossibleI am a person with simple values, who appreciates those around me. I consider nmyself as helper of people and have been a member of the nursing profession for years.

Business Studies with Specialisms Essay

Discuss the characteristics of the scientific rule which entertains it superior all over other orders as a core of obtaining smart and reliable knowledge portalMarketing research has borrowed liberally from other disciplines this is not surprising because research methodologies and techniques have application over many fields of adopt. Like other emerging disciplines, marketing research theory has been developed by creative adaptation rather than blind adoption. The extent to which marketing theory has been built on borrowed impressions was celebrated some years ago by the Marketing wisdom Institute of America. Historically, most learnings started by borrowing their conceptual advancement and general theoretical ideas from other sciences.Joyce1 has observed thatMarket research is not a practice or study isolated from other practices or studies. It has drawn freely from certain capable academic fields and entrust no doubt continue to do so. Further, market research orga nisations make use of people with expert, specialist training particularly from those fields known broadly as the kindly sciences both as staff members and consultants.It took a long while to determine how is the world better investigated. integrity port is to talk about it. For example Aristotle, the Greek philosopher, stated that males and females have different number of teeth, without bothering to get out he because provided long arguments as to why this is the way things ought to be. This method is unreliable to determine whether a statement is correct it requires evidence. Debating over a subject or putting an argument forward does not qualify as proof. Consideration of the history of research methods requires a look at the history of science.What is Science?A basic distrust asked by many and answered in almost as many ways. primal grow of science begin with Plato (427-347 B.C.) and his search for everlasting truth and reality.James Randi2 defines science asa c arf ul, disciplined, logical search for knowledge about any and all aspects of the universe, obtained by examination of the lift out visible(prenominal) evidence. Whats left is magic. And it doesnt work.We canister define science as a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge. This important word distinguishes how a scientist whole works from how people learn about the world.Ross Koning3 has some private observationsCreation must(prenominal) have occurred because emotional state was not always here. Science is unblemishedly saying initiation was not sudden and is still on-going. Science does not deny existence of idol, God just cannot be block outed scientifically. Scientists are parking lotly very religious.Science is the acquisition of truth.Modern science is an amazing phenomenon, and specialness of how it works will continue to occupy peoples minds.The Scientific MethodOn a broad level, science is a methodology for attaining knowledge, where knowledge is a f orm of principle distinct from mere opinion or uninformed guesswork. Science is not the knowledge gained through the approach hence, knowledge can be gained through a variety of ways. Science seeks out better ways of representing our experiences. The experiences and their representation in a system of beliefs are termed, respectively, observation and theory.Recognizing that personal and cultural beliefs influence both our perceptions and our interpretations of natural phenomena, the depend is through the use of standard procedures and criteria to minimize those influences when developing a theory.A better approach is to do experiments and perform careful observations. The results of this approach are universal in the sense impression that they can be reproduced by any s unbrokenic. It is from these ideas that the scientific method was developed.What is the scientific method?The scientific method is the best way nevertheless discovered for scrutinizing the truth from lies and del usion. It is base upon evidence rather than belief. This distinguishes science from faith.The scientific method revolves around the avocation key steps1. Observe some aspect of the universe2. Invent a tentative description, called a hypothesis, that is consistent with what you have observed3. Use the hypothesis to address the existence of other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the results of upstart observations4. Perform experimental tests of the divinations and modify hypothesis5. Return to step 3 to crack of no discrepancies between theory and experiment.The scientific method is founded upon direct observation of the world around us. A scientist looks critically and attempts to avoid all sources of bias in this observation. But often than looking, a scientist measures to quantify the observations this helps in avoiding bias.Which of these lines is longer?The both lines are the same length, though human bias might generate belief that one is longer than the other. The scientific method attempts to minimize the influence of bias or prejudice in the experiment when testing a hypothesis or a theory.The next part of the scientific method is to form a hypothesis. This is merely an educated guess. You examine the literature on the subject and gather as much knowledge from books as possible to begin to arrive at an answer. This tentative answerthis best educated guessis your hypothesis.There is one important aspect to the hypothesis. It must be rejectable. There must be a way to test the possible answer to try to make it fail. If you design an untestable hypothesis, because science cannot be used to help you decide if it is right or not. For example you hypothesis that God is awake. There is no way to test your hypothesis scientifically therefore, there is no way to make it fail.If the experiments bear out the hypothesis it may acclaim to be regarded as a theory, which wherefore provides rational statements that explain a phenomena. This theory p roduces descriptions to observations and predictions are made. To a scientist a theory is a conceptual framework that explains existing observations and predicts new ones.On the other hand, if the experiments do not bear out the hypothesis, it must be rejected or modified. Prediction is a way to put the hypothesis to a test. The prediction has three parts1. If my hypothesis is true2. Then_____ should happen3. When_____ is manipulatedThe manipulation is what you knew would likely falsify your hypothesis. If this prediction holds then you will not be able to reject your hypothesis. If this prediction does not hold then you will reject your hypothesis. The scientific method requires that an hypothesis be ruled out or modified if its predictions are clearly and repeatedly incompatible with experiment tests. In each experimental science, experiment is supreme and experimental verification of hypothetical predictions is absolutely necessary.Experiments may test the theory directly or ma y test for consequences deignd from the theory using mathematics and logic. The necessity of experiment also implies that a theory must be testable. Theories which cannot be tested, because, for instance, they have no evident ramifications, do not qualify as scientific theories. peerless of the key factors of scientific method is that the theory must be falsifable.Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994) Falsificationism(1993) Demarcation Criteria Science is divided from psuedo-science or myth by making statements which are potentially falsifiable.When a hypothesis passes the test it is adopted as a theory it correctly explains a range of phenomena it can, at any time, be falsified by new experimental evidence. When exploring a new set or phenomena scientists do use existing theories, however, it is always kept in mind that the old theories might fail to explain the new experiments and observations. In this case new hypotheses are devised and tested until a new theory emerges.A theory is accep ted not based on the prestige or convincing powers of the proponent, but on the results obtained through observations and experiments which anyone can reproduce. Most experiments and observations are repeated many times. If the original claims are not verified the care for returns to the origin of such discrepancies.Epistemology is the distinguish of philosophy that studies knowledge. It attempts to answer the basic question what distinguishes true (adequate) knowledge from false (inadequate) knowledge? Practically, this question translates into issues if scientific methodology how can one develop theories or models that are better than competing theories?It is possible to construct a useful and reliable model for understanding scientific reasoning, known as the Hypothetico-Deductive model. The heart of the Hypothetico-Deductive model is deductive reasoning (induction plays a role primarily in generating laws about observations that are then deduced from theory, such as the law o f multiple proportions).According to the H-D model, hypotheses and theories are sets of general principles that are said to explain and predict observable results. A theory is successful insofar as observable consequences can be deduced from those general principles and statements. When a positive instance of a predicted observation occurs, it is said to confirm that theory.Deductive and Inductive ThinkingIn logic, twain broad methods of reasoning are referred to the deductive and inducive approaches.Deductive reasoning works from the more(prenominal) general to the more unique(predicate). Sometimes this is informally called a top-down approach. The process may begin with view up a theory about our topic of interest. We then narrow that down into more specific hypotheses that we can test. We narrow down even further when we collect observations to address the hypotheses. This ultimately slip aways us to be able to test the hypotheses with specific data a confirmation (or not ) of our original theories.Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, it is often known as a bottom-up approach. In inductive reasoning, the process begins with specific observations and measures, then patterns and regularities are detected, formulating some tentative hypotheses that we can explore, and finally end up developing some general conclusions or theories.Inductive reasoning, by its very nature, is more open-ended and exploratory, especially at the beginning. Deductive reasoning is narrower in nature and is concerned with testing or confirming hypotheses. evening though a particular study may look like its purely deductive (e.g., an experiment designed to test the hypothesized effects of some treatment on some outcome), most accessible research involves both inductive and deductive reasoning processes at some time in the project. The two graphs above can be assembled into a single circul ar one that continually cycles from theories down to observations and bear up to theories. Even in the most constrained experiment, the researchers may observe patterns in the data that lead them to develop new theories.Comparison of PropertiesDeduction1. In a valid deductive argument, all of the subject of the conclusion is present, at least implicitly, in the premises. Deduction is nonampliative2. If the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Valid deduction is unavoidably truth preserving.3. If new premises are added to a valid deductive argument (and none of its premises are changed or deleted) the argument remains valid. Deduction is erosion-proof.4. Deductive rigorousness is an all-or-nothing matter validity does not come in degrees. An argument is totally valid, or it is invalid origination1. origination is ampliative. The conclusion of an inductive argument has content that goes beyond the content of its premises.2. A correct inductive argument may have true pr emises and a false conclusion. Induction is not necessarily truth preserving.3. New premises may completely undermine a strong inductive argument. Induction is not erosion-proof.4. Inductive arguments come in different degrees of strength. In some inductions the premises support the conclusions more strongly than in others.Source Introduction to the Philosophy of Science. Merilee H. Salmon, John Earman, Clark Glymour, James G. Lennox, Peter Machamer, J.E. McGuire, John D. Norton, Wesley C. Salmon, and Kenneth H. Schaffner. Englewood Cliffs assimilator Hall, 1992.Available http//dharma-haven.org/science/myth-of-scientific-method.htmNon-Scientific Sources1. Common SensePeople often refer to their knowledge and skills as common sense. It is good sense in everyday affairs. For example The old farmer didnt have much education but had always gotten along on a lot of common sense. He is shiny that in the event of another war the world powers may summon enough common sense to avoid mass a tomic destruction.Having a practical intelligence in different situations can derive knowledge that is of immense value. This practical intelligence has been gained naturally from the individuals experience throughout their life and cannot be applied to any education or training.The experiences that an individual has been through during their life may chance on their ability to produce unbiased knowledge.2. Trial and ErrorTrial and Error is a method of reading by trying out different responses to a new situation until one response is successful.The in demand(p) result is then played on for future use and noted by the researcher. It can be quite a time consuming activity, however, similar problems in the future may benefit from the experiment.3. tenaciousnessTenacity is the determination to continue what you are doing. It means that the knowledge derived from previous studies must be recognise as it holds true value for a long period of time.4. IntuitionIntuition is a psychologi cal and philosophical term which designates the process of immediate apprehension or perception of an actual fact, being or relation between two terms and its results. As an element of educational method intuition means the grasp of knowledge by concrete, experimental or intellectual, ways of apprehension.The importance of intuition as a process and element of knowledge is easily seen if we observe that it is intuition which furnishes us with the first experimental data as well as with the primary concepts and the fundamental judgements or principles which are the primitive elements and the foundation of every speculation.5. AuthorityAn expert provides knowledge on a particular subject, whereby subordinates accept the idea or concept as a respected source of knowledge.6. RationalismRationalism is a philosophical movement which attempts to study the universe using reason, in the form of deductive and mathematical methods, rather than sense experience. Descartes, for example, tried to deduce what Gods world is like from the axioms of divine existence and goodness. When sourcing knowledge rationalism can be misleading when it is used alone, however, improving the accuracy of the principles associated with the subject will result in better sourcing.7. luridnessAny view which bases our knowledge, or the materials from which it is constructed, on experience through the traditional five senses. It is opposed to rationalism and denies that we have any a priori knowledge or innate ideas we owe all our concepts to experience of the world. A priori knowledge is any kind of knowledge that is in no way derived from sense experience, observation or experiment.What might be called the classical empiricist view is associated especially with Locke, the first of the so-called British Empiricists, and his successors Berkeley and Hume. Empiricism has its roots in the idea that all we can know about the world is what the world cares to tell us we must observe it neutrally and di spassionately, and any attempt on our part to mould or interfere with the process of receiving this information can only lead to distortion and arbitrary imaging.ConclusionThe scientific method is intricately associated with science, the process of human inquiry that pervades the modern era on many levels. While the method appears naive and logical in description, there is perhaps no more complex question than that of knowing how we come to know things.In comparison with the non-scientific sources the emphasis here is that the scientific method distinguishes science from other forms of explanation because of its requirements of systematic experimentation.We use specific methods because they are objective, public and can give repeatable results. The question of how science is so successful at improving understanding is hardly every presented as a question at all. No matter what happens, you will learn something. Science is not only about acquire the answer. Scientists who study ext remely complex problems can spend a lifetime and not set out the answer. Even so, their results may eventually play a part in completing the teeming picture of understanding.Animal and children may learn about whatever they pay attention to, and so do scientists.